Zemljiste i voda resursi buducnosti
U utorak vece, 16. decembra 2025. je na TVCG 1, u okviru Naucnog programa, emitovana emisija „Nema zemljista, nema zivota“, autorke Snezane Radusinovic, posvecena jednom od kljucnih pitanja savremenog drustva – ocuvanju prirodnih resursa, prije svega zemljista i voda.
Emisija je donijela razgovore sa ucesnicima Medjunarodne naucne konferencije GEA 2025 – „Global Challenges and Local Solutions in Natural Resource Management“, koja je odrzana od 29. do 31. maja ove godine u Podgorici. Konferenciju su organizovali Crnogorska akademija nauka i umjetnosti, Medjunarodna naucnoistrazivacka platforma GEA (Geo Eco-Eco Agro) i Svjetska asocijacija za ocuvanje zemljista i voda (WASWAC).
Tokom tri dana rada, GEA 2025 okupila je naucnike iz razlicitih oblasti prirodnih i tehnickih nauka, koji su kroz 125 naucnih radova, usmena izlaganja i poster-prezentacije, razmijenili znanja i iskustva o upravljanju zemljistem i vodama. Autori iz 30 zemalja svijeta, sa svih kontinenata, ukazali su na rastuce globalne izazove poput degradacije zemljista, klimatskih promjena, zagadjenja voda i gubitka biodiverziteta, ali i na konkretna lokalna rjesenja zasnovana na nauci i praksi.
Sagovornici u emisiji istakli su da su zemljiste i voda nezamjenjivi resursi bez kojih nema odrzive poljoprivrede, zdrave zivotne sredine ni sigurnosti hrane. Posebno je naglasena potreba za interdisciplinarnim pristupom, jacanjem medjunarodne saradnje i vecim ukljucivanjem naucnih rezultata u donosenje javnih politika.
Emisija „Nema zemljista, nema zivota“ jos jednom je potvrdila znacaj naucnih skupova poput GEA konferencije, koji povezuju globalna znanja sa lokalnim potrebama, sa ciljem ocuvanja prirodnih resursa za buduce generacije.
Ako nema zemljista – nema ni zivota
Zemljiste je osnova zivota na kopnu. Hodamo po njemu svakog dana, obradjujemo ga, gradimo na njemu, ali rijetko razmisljamo o tome koliko je zapravo krhko i nezamjenjivo. A istina je jednostavna i pomalo zastrasujuca: bez zdravog zemljista nema hrane, nema biodiverziteta, nema stabilne prirode – i na kraju, nema ni covjeka.
Na globalnom nivou, planeta svake godine gubi oko 24 milijarde tona plodnog zemljista, uglavnom zbog erozije, zagadjenja, neadekvatne poljoprivrede i nekontrolisane urbanizacije. To znaci da svakog minuta nestaje oko 45 hektara plodne zemlje – povrsina koja se vise ne moze lako obnoviti.
Zasto zemljiste nestaje?
Jedan od najopasnijih procesa jeste dezertifikacija – postepeno pretvaranje plodnog zemljista u neproduktivne, gotovo pustinjske povrsine. Do nje dolazi kada se zemljiste prekomjerno eksploatise, ostavi bez biljnog pokrivaca ili se izlozi dugotrajnim klimatskim i antropogenim pritiscima. U krajnjim slucajevima, ovaj proces je nepovratan.
Ipak, mnogo cesce degradacija ne dolazi naglo, vec tiho i postepeno: losim planiranjem prostora, prekomjernom upotrebom pesticida i mineralnih djubriva, krcenjem suma, sumskim pozarima i teskom mehanizacijom koja sabija tlo i unistava njegovu strukturu.
Nevidljivi svijet ispod nasih nogu
Zdravlje zemljista ne mjeri se samo njegovom bojom ili prinosom koji ostvarujem na nekom zemljistu. U svega 50 grama zdravog zemljista moze zivjeti i nekoliko desetina milijardi mikroorganizama – bakterija, gljiva i drugih mikroskopskih oblika zivota. Oni razgradjuju organsku materiju, oslobadjaju hranljive elemente i stvaraju humus, bez kojeg nema plodnosti.
Ovi mikroorganizmi su osnova „kruzenja zivota“ u prirodi. Kada se ravnoteza narusi, zemljiste gubi sposobnost da se samo obnavlja, postaje siromasnije i osjetljivije na eroziju i susu.
Kako sacuvati zemljiste?
Sve vise se govori o konzervacijskoj poljoprivredi – pristupu koji podrazumijeva minimalnu obradu zemljista, ostavljanje biljnih ostataka na povrsini i pravilnu rotaciju usjeva. Ovakva praksa cuva organsku materiju, smanjuje eroziju i dugorocno povecava otpornost zemljista.
Iskustva iz razlicitih zemalja pokazuju da prinosi u prvim godinama mogu biti nesto nizi, ali se nakon nekoliko sezona zemljiste oporavlja, troskovi se smanjuju, a proizvodnja postaje stabilnija i kvalitetnija. Uz podrsku drzave i razumijevanje lokalnih zajednica, ovakav model pokazuje jasne prednosti i za prirodu i za poljoprivrednike.
Crna Gora: malo plodnog, mnogo ugrozenog zemljista
Crna Gora ima relativno veliku povrsinu zemljista po stanovniku, ali paradoks je u tome sto je stvarno plodno zemljiste izuzetno rijetko. Samo oko 4–4,5% teritorije spada u najkvalitetnije kategorije zemljista. Istovremeno, procjene ukazuju da je cak 95% teritorije u odredjenoj mjeri izlozeno riziku od erozije, sto dodatno naglasava potrebu za pazljivim upravljanjem ovim resursom.
Zemljiste kao arhiva proslosti i kljuc buducnosti
Osim sto nas hrani, zemljiste cuva i zapise o proslim klimatskim promjenama. Slojevi sedimenata u jezerima i rijecnim dolinama predstavljaju prirodne arhive u kojima su sacuvani podaci o temperaturama, padavinama i vegetaciji iz daleke proslosti. Upravo zbog toga su pojedina crnogorska jezera, poput Crnog jezera, predmet interesovanja medjunarodnih naucnih timova.
Poruka koja se ne smije ignorisati
Zemljiste nije samo resurs – ono je nas temelj, nasa istorija i nasa buducnost. Njegovo ocuvanje zahtijeva znanje, odgovornost i dugorocno razmisljanje. Nauka nam jasno porucuje: ako izgubimo zemljiste, gubimo osnovu zivota.
Zato zastita zemljista nije samo pitanje ekologije, vec pitanje opstanka, zdravlja i nasljedja koje ostavljamo buducim generacijama.
Land and Water: Resources of the Future
On Tuesday evening, as part of the Science Program on TVCG 1, the program “No Land, No Life”, authored by Snežana Radusinovi?, was broadcast, focusing on one of the key issues of contemporary society – the conservation of natural resources, particularly land and water.
The program featured discussions with participants of the International Scientific Conference GEA 2025 – “Global Challenges and Local Solutions in Natural Resource Management”, which was held from May 29 to 31 this year in Podgorica. The conference was organized by the Montenegrin Academy of Sciences and Arts, the International Scientific Research Platform GEA (Geo Eco-Eco Agro), and the World Association for Soil and Water Conservation (WASWAC).
Over the course of three days, GEA 2025 brought together scientists from various fields of natural and technical sciences, who shared knowledge and experience on land and water management through 125 scientific papers, oral presentations, and poster sessions. Authors from 30 countries across all continents highlighted growing global challenges such as land degradation, climate change, water pollution, and biodiversity loss, as well as concrete local solutions based on science and practice.
The speakers in the program emphasized that land and water are irreplaceable resources, without which there can be no sustainable agriculture, a healthy environment, or food security. Particular emphasis was placed on the need for an interdisciplinary approach, strengthening international cooperation, and greater integration of scientific results into public policymaking.
The program “No Land, No Life” once again confirmed the importance of scientific gatherings such as the GEA Conference, which connect global knowledge with local needs, to preserve natural resources for future generations.
If There Is No Soil – There Is No Life
Soil is the foundation of life on land. We walk on it every day, cultivate it, build on it, yet we rarely think about how fragile and irreplaceable it truly is. The truth is simple and somewhat alarming: without healthy soil, there is no food, no biodiversity, no stable nature, and ultimately, no humanity.
At the global level, the planet loses around 24 billion tons of fertile soil every year, mainly due to erosion, pollution, unsustainable agricultural practices, and uncontrolled urbanisation. This means that approximately 45 hectares of fertile land disappear every minute—an area that cannot be easily restored.
Why Is Soil Disappearing?
One of the most hazardous processes is desertification, the slow conversion of fertile land into unproductive, nearly desert-like areas. It happens when soil is overused, deprived of vegetation cover, or subjected to long-term climatic and human pressures. In severe cases, this process becomes irreversible.
More often, however, soil degradation does not happen suddenly, but quietly and progressively: through poor spatial planning, excessive use of pesticides and mineral fertilisers, deforestation, forest fires, and heavy machinery that compacts the soil and destroys its structure.
The Invisible World Beneath Our Feet
Soil health is not measured only by its colour or crop yields. In just 50 grams of healthy soil, there can be tens of billions of microorganisms—bacteria, fungi, and other microscopic forms of life. They decompose organic matter, release nutrients, and create humus, which is essential for soil fertility.
These microorganisms form the basis of the cycle of life in nature. When this balance is disturbed, soil loses its ability to regenerate, becoming poorer and more vulnerable to erosion and drought.
How Can Soil Be Preserved?
Increasing attention is being given to conservation agriculture, an approach based on minimal soil disturbance, leaving crop residues on the surface, and proper crop rotation. Such practices preserve organic matter, reduce erosion, and increase soil resilience in the long term.
Experiences from various countries show that yields may be slightly lower in the first years, but after several seasons the soil recovers, costs decrease. Production becomes more stable and of higher quality. With state support and local community understanding, this model offers clear benefits for both nature and farmers.
Montenegro: Little Fertile Land, Much at Risk
Montenegro has a relatively large land area per capita, yet the paradox is that truly fertile soil is exceptionally scarce. Only about 4–4.5% of the territory belongs to the highest soil quality categories. At the same time, estimates indicate that around 95% of the territory is at risk of erosion, underscoring the urgent need for careful, responsible land management.
Soil as an Archive of the Past and a Key to the Future
Along with providing nutrients, soil also records historical climate changes. Sediment layers in lakes and river valleys act as natural archives, holding data on past temperatures, rainfall, and vegetation. Because of this, some Montenegrin lakes, such as Black Lake, draw the attention of international scientific research teams.
A Message That Must Not Be Ignored
Soil is not just a resource; it is our foundation, our history, and our future. Protecting it requires knowledge, responsibility, and long-term thinking. Science sends a clear message: if we lose soil, we lose the basis of life.
Therefore, soil protection is not only an environmental issue but also a matter of survival, health, and the legacy we leave for future generations.
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Link: Personal page of Velibor Spalevic
Neke od studijskih i istraživackih posjeta, terena i vijesti
Some of the study and research visits, fieldwork, and news
Quelques-unes des visites d’étude et de recherche, travaux de terrain et nouvelles